ADHD and Dyslexia
ADHD (Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder) and dyslexia are two different disorders that frequently overlap. According to a research study published in the Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, about 25-40% of people diagnosed with dyslexia are also diagnosed with ADHD and vice versa.
While often co-occurring, these two diagnoses are distinct in their presentations, causes, and interventions.
ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by a pattern of inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity, and challenges with executive function. On the other hand, dyslexia is a language-based learning disability that involves struggles with accurate and fluent word recognition, sound discrimination, spelling, and reading.
How do people develop ADHD or dyslexia? Science has yet to pinpoint a specific cause for either condition. However, both ADHD and dyslexia are known to have a genetic component.
ADHD Facts and Figures
ADHD has been found to be diagnosed in about 8% of children and adolescents globally. The prevalence was found to be twice as high in boys at 10% in comparison to girls which is at 5%. Among the three subtypes of ADHD, the inattentive type was the most common, followed by the hyperactive type, and the combined type.
Mild delays in language, motor skills, or social development are common in children diagnosed with ADHD, but these are not exclusive to it. Additional signs may involve becoming easily frustrated, irritability, or mood swings. Inattentive behaviors are associated with various cognitive processes, and individuals with ADHD may display challenges in tests of attention, executive function, or memory.
ADHD in children is linked to decreased academic performance and achievement, while in adults, it may manifest as poorer job performance, less career advancement, attendance issues, and a higher likelihood of unemployment. It can also lead to increased conflicts with peers, family members, and authority figures. Difficulties in applying oneself consistently to tasks requiring sustained effort are often misinterpreted as laziness, irresponsibility, or lack of cooperation.
ADHD Interventions
If your child was diagnosed with ADHD, don’t worry because there are plenty of venues that you can pursue to help your child.
Medication
Stimulants, such as methylphenidate and d-amphetamine
Non-stimulants, such as atomoxetine, clonidine, and guanfacine
Ask your psychiatrist for which medication is best for your child.
Therapy and counseling
Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) can help improve self-awareness by recognizing any negative thought patterns that lead to avoidance behaviors, impulsivity, and emotional dysregulation.
Occupational Therapy (OT) supports individuals with ADHD by focusing on skill development like organization and time management and modifying environments for better focus.
Lifestyle modifications
Increased physical activity, proper diet, good sleep hygiene, and meditation, can significantly support individuals with ADHD
Tutoring and Coaching
Children with ADHD may benefit from one-on-one coaching with an executive function specialist. Parents can also receive coaching to learn strategies that will help their child manage challenges related to ADHD.
Individualized Educational Plans (IEPs)
The school system offers support to students diagnosed with ADHD through the Individualized Education Program (IEP). With an IEP, your child may request accommodations and receive support from teachers, school psychologists, and related services.
Dyslexia Facts and Figures
Dyslexia is diagnosed in approximately 20% of the general population, affecting both males and females equally. The DSM-5 officially refers to dyslexia as Specific Learning Disorder, with Impairment in Reading. It affects the following skill components:
Word reading accuracy
Reading rate or fluency
Reading comprehension
Reading difficulties can appear early, even before schooling starts. For example, children diagnosed with dyslexia may struggle to break spoken words into syllables and identify rhyming words. Dyslexia makes it hard to connect letters seen on a page with their sounds, resulting in slow and difficult reading, as well as poor fluency. Additionally, accurate writing and correct spelling can be challenging for individuals with dyslexia.
Dyslexia Interventions
Reading Interventions and Specialized Instruction - These focus on improving phonological awareness, decoding skills, and reading comprehension through targeted educational programs and interventions.
Assistive Technology - Tools such as text-to-speech software, audiobooks, and speech recognition programs can assist dyslexic individuals in accessing and comprehending written information more effectively.
Supportive Strategies and Accommodations - Techniques like extended time on tests, use of graphic organizers, and preferential seating can help accommodate the unique needs of dyslexic students in the classroom.
It is important to understand both conditions and to have your child assessed if you notice any signs of struggle related to these diagnoses.
If you want to learn more, let us know at Habit Coach and we’d be happy to help!
